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The Boxer Movement () or Boxer Rebellion (義和團之亂 or 義和團匪亂) was a Chinese rebellion from November 1899 to September 7, 1901, against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty). In traditional Western histories, the Boxers were condemned as a product of uncivilized, irrational, superstitious anti-foreignism among the common people. However, controversy still exists about the significance of the movement, and even today the Boxers are praised by the government of the PRC as patriotic anti-imperialists. Subsequent reforms implemented after the crises of 1900 laid the foundation for the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the modern Chinese Republic.